Evrensel dil

Evrensel dil (bazen dünya dili,^[1] nadiren uluslararası dil^[2][3]), toplumdilbilimde coğrafi olarak yaygın olan ve farklı dil topluluklarının üyelerinin iletişim kurmasını mümkün kılan bir dildir. Bu terim aynı zamanda Esperanto gibi inşa edilmiş uluslararası yardımcı dillere atıfta bulunmak için de kullanılabilir.^[4]

İngilizce en önde gelen evrensel dil adayıdır. Bunun ötesinde, hangi dillerin yeterli olduğu konusunda akademik bir fikir birliği yoktur; Arapça, Fransızca, Rusça ve İspanyolca diğer olası evrensel dillerdir. Bazı yazarlar, Latince'nin daha önce bir evrensel dil olduğunu düşünmektedir.^[5][6][7]

1. ^ Ammon, Ulrich (7 Ekim 2010), Coupland, Nikolas (Ed.), "World Languages: Trends and Futures", The Handbook of Language and Globalization, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, s. 101, doi:10.1002/9781444324068.ch4, ISBN 978-1-4443-2406-8 
2. ^ Ammon, Ulrich (1997), Stevenson, Patrick (Ed.), "To What Extent is German an International Language?", The German Language and the Real World: Sociolinguistic, Cultural, and Pragmatic Perspectives on Contemporary German (İngilizce), Clarendon Press, ss. 25-53, ISBN 978-0-19-823738-9, 9 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi, erişim tarihi: 7 Haziran 2021 
3. ^ de Mejía, Anne-Marie (2002). Power, Prestige, and Bilingualism: International Perspectives on Elite Bilingual Education (İngilizce). Multilingual Matters. ss. 47-49. ISBN 978-1-85359-590-5. 9 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 7 Haziran 2021. 'international language' or 'world language' [...] The following languages of wider communication, that may be used as first or as second or foreign languages, are generally recognised: English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Arabic, Russian and Chinese. 
4. ^ Ammon, Ulrich (1989). Status and Function of Languages and Language Varieties (İngilizce). Walter de Gruyter. s. 422. ISBN 978-3-11-086025-2. 10 Mayıs 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 13 Şubat 2021. By the term world language approximately the following can be understood: Firstly, [...]. Secondly, international planned languages (e.g Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua). 
5. ^ Wright, Roger (2012), Hernández-Campoy, Juan Manuel; Conde-Silvestre, Juan Camilo (Ed.), "Convergence and Divergence in World Languages", The Handbook of Language and Globalization, John Wiley & Sons, s. 552, doi:10.1002/9781118257227.ch30, ISBN 978-1-4051-9068-8, 16 Nisan 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi, erişim tarihi: 7 Haziran 2021, There is no generally agreed precise definition of what counts as a 'World' Language. For the purposes of this chapter, they can be defined as languages spoken over a wide geographical area, often as a result of previous colonization, and in many cases by native speakers of some other language. The category now includes Spanish, Portuguese, French, and English, but with reference to historically earlier periods the label has been applied to Latin [...] 
6. ^ Mufwene, Salikoko S. (7 Ekim 2010), Coupland, Nikolas (Ed.), "Globalization, Global English, and World English(es): Myths and Facts", The Handbook of Language and Globalization, Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, s. 42, doi:10.1002/9781444324068.ch1, ISBN 978-1-4443-2406-8, I submit that, as in the case of that earlier 'world language,' Latin, it was the association with trade and (more) lucrative business that favored English over its competitors, both in the United States and around the world. 
7. ^ Crystal, David (2003). English as a global language (PDF) (2. bas.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. s. 190. ISBN 0-511-07862-5. OCLC 57418548. 18 Ocak 2021 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi (PDF). Erişim tarihi: 7 Haziran 2021. The emergence of English with a genuine global presence therefore has a significance which goes well beyond this particular language. Because there are no precedents for languages achieving this level of use (if we exclude Latin, which was in a sense 'global' when the world was much smaller), we do not know what happens to them in such circumstances.